![]() ![]() Studies of screening for other conditions, general developmental screening, or genetic or biomarker screening Methods, tools, and approaches used specifically to screen for ASD ![]() Screener evaluated in preselected/diagnoses sample Young children ages 0–12 y undergoing screening for ASD in a PC or PC-like setting Studies that exclusively focus on infants, older children, or adults or that assess general developmental screening 13ĭefinition of disease: clinical diagnosis of ASD 12 This discrepancy between American Academy of Pediatrics guidance and insufficient evidence in the USPSTF report has proven confusing and controversial to the scientific community, pediatric providers, and those they serve. 12 Although there was evidence that screening tools had sufficient accuracy, the USPSTF found insufficient evidence regarding the impact of early treatment on cases detected by screening compared with usual case detection. ![]() 11 However, in 2016, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) issued a report noting insufficient evidence for or against universal screening for ASD in a well-child asymptomatic population. 5 Given concerns that (1) delays in diagnosis limit access to intervention, 6 (2) brief PC observations may fail to elicit concerns, 7 and (3) ethnic, racial, and linguistic disparities exist in early identification, 8– 10 the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the use of screening tools as part of developmental surveillance at well-child visits and ASD-specific screeners at the 18- and 24-month visits. Although developmental vulnerabilities associated with ASD are often identifiable in toddlers, the median age of diagnosis in the United States is >4 years. Historically, children with ASD have been identified in pediatric primary care (PC) through soliciting parental concerns, as part of provider-driven surveillance, and periodic developmental screening using a standardized tool. ![]()
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